[38 ~ 39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
But this is a short-lived effect, and in the long run, people find such sounds too bright.
Brightness of sounds means much energy in higher frequencies, which can be calculated from the sounds easily. A violin has many more overtones compared to a flute and sounds brighter. ( ① ) An oboe is brighter than a classical guitar, and a crash cymbal brighter than a double bass. ( ② ) This is obvious, and indeed people like brightness. ( ③ ) One reason is that it makes sound subjectively louder, which is part of the loudness war in modern electronic music, and in the classical music of the 19th century. ( ④ ) All sound engineers know that if they play back a track to a musician that just has recorded this track and add some higher frequencies, the musician will immediately like the track much better. ( ⑤ ) So it is wise not to play back such a track with too much brightness, as it normally takes quite some time to convince the musician that less brightness serves his music better in the end. [3점]
39.
In full light, seedlings reduce the amount of energy they allocate to stem elongation.
Scientists who have observed plants growing in the dark have found that they are vastly different in appearance, form, and function from those grown in the light. ( ① ) This is true even when the plants in the different light conditions are genetically identical and are grown under identical conditions of temperature, water, and nutrient level. ( ② ) Seedlings grown in the dark limit the amount of energy going to organs that do not function at full capacity in the dark, like cotyledons and roots, and instead initiate elongation of the seedling stem to propel the plant out of darkness. ( ③ ) The energy is directed to expanding their leaves and developing extensive root systems. ( ④ ) This is a good example of phenotypic plasticity. ( ⑤ ) The seedling adapts to distinct environmental conditions by modifying its form and the underlying metabolic and biochemical processes. [3점]
* elongation: 연장 ** cotyledon: 떡잎 *** phenotypic plasticity: 표현형 적응성
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In a study, Guy Mayraz, a behavioral economist, showed his experimental subjects graphs of a price rising and falling over time. The graphs were actually of past changes in the stock market, but Mayraz told people that the graphs showed recent changes in the price of wheat. He asked each person to predict where the price would move next ― and offered them a reward if their forecasts came true. But Mayraz had also divided his participants into two categories, “farmers” and “bakers”. Farmers would be paid extra if wheat prices were high. Bakers would earn a bonus if wheat was cheap. So the subjects might earn two separate payments: one for an accurate forecast, and a bonus if the price of wheat moved
in their direction. Mayraz found that the prospect of the bonus influenced the forecast itself. The farmers hoped and predicted that the price of wheat would rise. The bakers hoped for ― and predicted ― the opposite. They let their hopes influence their reasoning.
When participants were asked to predict the price change of wheat, their (A) for where the price would go, which was determined by the group they belonged to, (B) their predictions.
(A) (B) (A) (B)
① wish …… affected ② wish …… contradicted
③ disregard …… restricted ④ disregard …… changed
⑤ assurance …… realized
[41 ~ 42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Stories populate our lives. If you are not a fan of stories, you might imagine that the best world is a world without them, where we can only see the facts in front of us. But to do this is to (a) deny how our brains work, how they are designed to work. Evolution has given us minds that are alert to stories and suggestion because, through many hundreds of thousands of years of natural selection, minds that can attend to stories have been more (b) successful at passing on their owners’ genes. Think about what happens, for example, when animals face one another in conflict. They rarely plunge into battle right away. No, they first try to (c) signal in all kinds of ways what the outcome of the battle is going to be. They puff up their chests, they roar, and they bare their fangs. Animals evolved to attend to stories and signals because these turn out to be an efficient way to navigate the world. If you and I were a pair of lions on the Serengeti, and we were trying to decide the strongest lion, it would be most (d) sensible — for both of us — to plunge straight into a conflict. It is far better for each of us to make a show of strength, to tell the story of how our victory is inevitable. If one of those stories is much more (e) convincing than the other, we might be able to agree on the outcome without actually having the fight.
* fang: 송곳니
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① The Light and Dark Sides of Storytelling
② How to Interpret Various Signals of Animals
③ Why Are We Built to Pay Attention to Stories?
④ Story: A Game Changer for Overturning a Losing Battle
⑤ Evolution: A History of Human’s Coexistence with Animals
42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은
것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)